Apparatus for use in teaching physical geography and the like



T. G. HOWDEN Jan. 1, 1935,

APPARATUS FOR USE IN TEACHING PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND THE LIKE Filed Jan. 5, 1954 3 p .v 0 5g llll E li t TP a tented Jan. 1, j

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pplication januia r In 43 t nvention relates teaching of: geography and allied subjectsjsuch as physical geography which apparatus gis used for demonstration purposes. The invention has for its'object toprovide a globe of. the @WOIld so mounted and supplied with fittingsr that demonstrationscan rea i y be made of physical phenomenavin the teaching of the sciences.

on protractoru" y r flIhe mundane globe is lsupportsto permit ofsame revolving uponits axis jffButin pordernto fully understand stateless reference is, made to the accompanying'drawing,

inwhich Fig.1 shows a globe mounted inthe machinein andsunscreens and side elevation, with twilight protractor in position, l l l Fig. 2 isa sectional elevation of the'globe onthe lineAofjFigrl. n v v 1 n e I Fig. 3 isaplanlview ofthesun disc and, v v

3 Fig. 4 is a plan view of thelquarter circle plate mounted l suitable asitmoves around a fixed ,point'to denote the suns, Uponla convenienti base a-jvertical pillar 6 is fixed and carrying at its upper end theisun disc 7; upon which the months of the year. aremarked in. progression anti-clockwise. The weeks rnay be also recorded upon thedisc-or an extension from same.wThe-lowerend of the pillar 6 is fixed a'pplatel8 apertured to receive theteethrof a wheels on a spindle 10 on the 'endgof whichis a;simi1ar wheel 11 inlymeshwith disc 12."The pillar 6 is enclosed within a sleeve 13 that" carries \lthelspindle- 10, an arm 15: at right angles and extendinghfar enough to supportthe globe =5 and whatisldescribed herein as the. overheadflpointer 14. One complete revolution of the arm 15 and l globe about'the pillar 6 is equivalent to a complete world year in whichxthe earth has proceeded:

its orbit around thesun whilethe direction of the axislremainspermanent! 1 On the outer end of the enduofl spindle 10 anditoothed: wheelj II that that passes diametrically through the globe to, provide the earth saxisL By meansof the parts described, as the arm -15 moves 1 around the pillar 6, the: globe 5 will proceed in its orbit around the sun point plate 7 and the position of the poles will vary as the lever 18 revolves withthe spindle l't 3 through thedisc 12:that isl revolved through the arm 15 I lmountya U shaped bracket 16 on its side andthrough whichi passes a vertical spindle 1'7 to which thej disc=l2 is secured." The bracket alsosupports the-outer. 45

meshes with disc 1-2. Onthe'upperend of spindle 17 is-a finger l8 curved to conform to the radius of the globe and onwhich isriveted therod 19 l ,986,576 H ,v i PARATUS FORTUSE 1N- TEACHINGLPHYS- l ,IlGAL -QEQGRAEHY AND THE LIKE Hs' cefi'," Hampton, Victoria;

Australia 5; 1934, Serial No, 705,447 a March 24,]833 l,

(ores-3) spindleli) andthe-toothed wheels ii and 9 from the fixed disc Sbelow the fixedpillar 6. The-overhead pointeris also fixed on the sleeve 13 and rervolves therewithandthe globe: it extends close to the globe and at each equinox its point will be over the equator. I i v ,Also mountedon thebracket 16-is a fixed screen 20; called herein the, daylight screen, and some sixteen or eighteen degrees behind said daylight screenandattached thereto is another screen 21 surrounding; the globel andficalled the twilight screen, that is to-say,the space between "thetwo screens upon the earths surface is that upon which twilight'falls asthe earthmoves in its orbit while thesurface before; the daylight screen is in sunlight and the surface behind the twilight screen is in darkness. This can be demonstrated with this machine to vary with the position of the earth in its" orbit around thesun. The planejof the daylight screenisl vertical and r bisects the globe through the poles at the equinoxes. V v p Onthe overhead pointer 14 is a sleeve supporting parallelllevers 1,22 that'are comiected at their upper'endsthrough a second sleeve on a rod or pointer 23. Thelower sleeve 24 can turn onfthe member 14 whilethe parallel pointer 23 can be moved in a-horizontal plane through the upper sleeve toqbring its end close to the earths surface at any desired point and at any particular time; Attachedtto. the forwardend of the over-. head pointer 14 'is a protractor 25 so "disposed between member 14 and a pole as tolie with its V edge parallelto the earths surface. The protractor is calibrated from zero to ninety degrees and can be turned about its support, thatis, the member l4. ;At theupper end the vprotractor is provided with a horizontal slit inwards in which a quadrant plate 26 is mounted hingeably on the end ofsame. By meansofsaid plate which is calibrated -the position of sunrise or sunset north or southlofleastor, west canbe ascertainedfor any place on the earths surface. At an equinox, if theprotractor coincides with a meridian and thetip of the protractor touchesthe pole,k then zero on the protractor corresponds to zero at; the equator and ninety degreeson protractor cor responds to ninety degrees at the pole and the parallels of latitude, in turn, coincide with the like on the protractor and canbe readily read by pushing the rod 23 close up to the earths' surface whilein brushingcontact with the pro: tractor. At other times ofyyear, the zenith dista'nceof the sun will be seen,when the protractor".

lies along a meridian; to vary irom-the latitude by amounts up to twenty three and one half degrees. The reading of the mid-day sun to give the correct latitude can then be obtained with the aid of the Nautical Almanac.

said quadrant be placed along a meridian towards the pole when in daylight and away from the pole when it is in night, the other side will point to the east and the mark or calibration on the quadrant in the plane of the protractor willrgiyethe number of degrees that the sun rises or sets at that place on the earth north or, south of east or pillar and a sleeve adapted to turn thereon, an

arm on' the sleeve, a rotatable globe on the arm,

west as the case may be.

Perhaps the most important as well as the most 7 obvious lesson taught by the machine, will be the shining of the sun over the arctic regions throughout an entire day in the month of June and the f is nearly a true-sphere the'sun can only shine vertically or from the zenith upon a small part thereof and the angle. of incidence .of .the suns rays will vary gradually from this small partover the rest of the globe to the daylight screen. and

where the parallel pointer touches the globe tangentially that point indicates the sun as onthe'hor-izon.

I The position of the globe in relation to the sun in i Fig. 1 is about June in the northern hemisphere from which it can be demonstrated that nearly the Whole of the arctic regions are in:

perpetual sunlight during the entire day of twenty four hours and that Scotland experiences a continuous interval of twilight between sunset and sunrise.

The globe and its connections can. be supported when the arm 15. is at rest upon. a bracket .27 andv there may, if desired, be several of such brackets placed at suitable points upon the base plate to stabilize the globe while demonstrating with it inselected positions. The protractor may also extend further around .theglobe than is shown in Fig. 1 so as to be approximatelyone hundred and eighty degrees in. length; The sun plate? can'be marked with'the words Aphhelion and Perihelion, same being in an ellipse upon the plate, the former denoted by Aph being at the end of the major axis of the ellipse near the month July and the latter'denoted by Per at the opposite end near the month January. For the sired position for demonstration purposes.

7 1 gearing described essentiallyeffects and accurate-- sake of clearness thesev marks have not been shown in Fig. 3 of the accompanying drawing.

' It may. further, be explained that the globe is revolved-upon its axis manually,that beingfound the mode most convenient to set same inany dely accounts for the positions of 'the earthduring its orbital movement while the direction of the I ail-s remains permanent.

of the protractorand held with the quadrant at predetermined: points between the serrated; faces instead of remaining fixed-at the upper end andusedin the machines made in thelargen sizes to measure the angle between north and. the sun.

, Thus, by means of:thissapparatus'the teaching of physical geography is assistedby readily" demonstrating gwith. the machine-the physical ent is:-

1. In a machine of the kind described, a fixed pillarand a sleeve adapted to turn thereon, an arm on the sleeve, a rotatable globe on the arm, a daylight screen about the globe, overhead and parallel pointers on said sleeve adapted to turn therewith anda protractor attached to the forward end of the overhead pointer and to the day'- lightscreen that extends over a part of the globe.

2. In a machine of thekind described, a fixed claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Pat a daylight screen about the'globe, overhead and therewith, a ,protraetor attached to the'forward end of the "overhead pointer and to the daylight screen that extends over a part o'fthe globe and a 'sunplate on the fixed pillar. lv

3. In :a machine of ithe kind described, a fixed parallel pointers on said'sleeve adapted to turn pillar and a sleeve adapted to turn thereon, an

arm .onthe sleeve and :a rotatable globe on the arm, a daylight screen about the globe and an overhead pointer on and turning with the sleeve,

parallel bars on the overhead pointer and a parallel pointer rotatablyandslidablymounted in said bars that maintain said pointers always ho'rizon forward. end of the overhead pointer and to the daylight screen extending over part of the globe adapted to turn on the pointer and to lie againstv the parallel pointer 5. Ina machine, of. the kind: described, a fixed pillar and a sleeve adapted to turn thereon, an arm on the sleeve and a rotatable globe on the arm, -a daylight screen about the globe and an overhead pointer toaturn withthesleeve, parallel barsron theoverhead pointer'emd a parallel pointer rotatably and slidably mounted in said bars to maintain said pointers always horizontal and parallel; a protractor attachedto the forward end of-the-overhea-d pointer and to the daylight screen extending over part of the globe and adapted to turn on the-pointer and to .lie against. the parallel.

pointerand a quadrant platoon the upper end of the protractor adapted. to turn in a plane. at right angles [to the plane of" the :protractor plate.

' 6. In a machine of thekindindi'cated, afixe'dl pillar andpa sleeve adapted to. turnthereon, a suntplate on the pillarganarm on the sleeve and. a 'bracketon the arm, .a-spindle in the bracket, meansafor rotating the; spindle andz'a finger ap'-- proximately :at right angles to-the same, a :globe supported on said fingerwadapted to. be" revolved: with the-finger while rotating with the arm on said sleeve, a daylight screen about the globe; parallerpointers from: the sleeve on the fixed .pjli; lar to the globe and a'protractor'attached'to th end' of the: lower, or overhead; pointer and. to the daylight screenextending: over part of the glob adapted to turn on therpointer anclzto lieagain t.

theparallelpointen. a GIDLEYi THOWDEM-L; 

